One of the first independent biosecurity initiatives was taken in 2003 by an international group of scientific journal editors who released the Statement on Scientific Publication and Security, which warns that "there are occasions that an editor may conclude that the potential harm of publication outweighs the potential societal benefits," in which case the publication should be modified or not be published. The statement concludes that "journals and scientific societies can play an important role in encouraging investigators to communicate results of research in ways that maximize public benefits and minimize risks of misuse." This statement was prepared with the recognition that much of life science research is inherently dual-use and innocent scientists were increasingly becoming ensnared in concerns over their research being misused. It also acknowledged that journal editors needed to exercise responsibility and judgment when confronted by research papers that could be considered sensitive from the biosecurity standpoint. However, there has yet to be any concerted effort to educate editors on how to recognize such research.