The process of scientific publication, through which new findings are reviewed for quality and then presented to the rest of the scientific community and the public, is a vital element in our national life. New discoveries reported in research papers have helped improve the human condition in myriad ways: protecting public health, multiplying agricultural yields, fostering technological development and economic growth, and enhancing global stability and security.

But new science, as we know, may sometimes have costs as well as benefits. The prospect that weapons of mass destruction might find their way into the hands of terrorists did not suddenly appear on September 11, 2001. A policy focus on nuclear proliferation, no stranger to the physics community, has been with us for many years. But the events of September 11 brought a new understanding of the urgency of dealing with terrorism. And the subsequent harmful use of infectious agents brought a new set of issues to the life sciences. As a result, questions have been asked by the scientists themselves and by some political leaders about the possibility that new information published in research journals might give aid to those with malevolent ends.

Journals that dealt especially with microbiology, infectious agents, public health, and plant and agricultural systems faced these issues earlier than some others, and have attempted to deal with them. The American Society of Microbiology, in particular, urged the National Academy of Sciences to take an active role in organizing a meeting of publishers, scientists, security experts, and government officials to explore the issues and discuss what steps might be taken to resolve them. In a one-day workshop at the Academy in Washington on January 9, 2003, an open forum was held for that purpose. A day later, a group of journal editors, augmented by scientist-authors, government officials, and others, held a separate meeting designed to explore possible approaches.

What follows reflects some outcomes of that preliminary discussion. Fundamental is a view, shared by nearly all, that there is information that, although we cannot now capture it with lists or definitions, presents enough risk of use by terrorists that it should not be published. How and by what processes it might be identified will continue to challenge us, because-as all present acknowledged-it is also true that open publication brings benefits not only to public health but also to efforts to combat terrorism.

The Statements Follow:

FIRST: The scientific information published in peer-reviewed research journals carries special status, and confers unique responsibilities on editors and authors. We must protect the integrity of the scientific process by publishing manuscripts of high quality, in sufficient detail to permit reproducibility. Without independent verification-a requirement for scientific progress-we can neither advance biomedical research nor provide the knowledge base for building a strong biodefense system.

SECOND: We recognize that the prospect of bioterrorism has raised legitimate concerns about the potential abuse of published information, but also recognize that research in the very same fields will be critical to society in meeting the challenges of defense. We are committed to dealing responsibly and effectively with safety and security issues that may be raised by papers submitted for publication, and to increasing our capacity to identify such issues as they arise.

THIRD: Scientists and their journals should consider the appropriate level and design of processes to accomplish effective review of papers that raise such security issues. Journals in disciplines that have attracted numbers of such papers have already devised procedures that might be employed as models in considering process design. Some of us represent some of those journals; others among us are committed to the timely implementation of such processes, about which we will notify our readers and authors.

FOURTH: We recognize that on occasion an editor may conclude that the potential harm of publication outweighs the potential societal benefits. Under such circumstances, the paper should be modified, or not be published. Scientific information is also communicated by other means: seminars, meetings, electronic posting, etc. Journals and scientific societies can play an important role in encouraging investigators to communicate results of research in ways that maximize public benefits and minimize risks of misuse.

Journal Editors and Authors Group

Ronald Atlas, President, American Society of Microbiology, and Editor, CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology
Philip Campbell, Editor, Nature
Nicholas R. Cozzarelli, Editor, PNAS
Greg Curfman, Deputy Editor, New England Journal of Medicine
Lynn Enquist, Editor, Journal of Virology
Gerald Fink, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Annette Flanagin, Managing Senior Editor, Journal of the American Medical Association, and President, Council of Science Editors
Jacqueline Fletcher, President, American Phytopathological Society
Elizabeth George, Program Manager, National Nuclear Security Administration, Department of Energy
Gordon Hammes, Editor, Biochemistry
David Heyman, Senior Fellow and Director of Science and Security Initiatives, Center for Strategic and International Studies
Thomas Inglesby, Editor, Biosecurity and Bioterrorism
Samuel Kaplan, Chair, ASM Publications Board
Donald Kennedy, Editor, Science
Judith Krug, Director, Office for Intellectual Freedom, American Library Association
Rachel Levinson, Assistant Director for Life Sciences, Office of Science and Technology Policy
Emilie Marcus, Editor, Neuron
Henry Metzger, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health
Stephen S. Morse, Columbia University
Alison O'Brien, Editor, Infection and Immunity
Andrew Onderdonk, Editor, Journal of Clinical Microbiology
George Poste, Chief Executive Officer, Health Technology Networks
Beatrice Renault, Editor, Nature Medicine
Robert Rich, Editor, Journal of Immunology
Ariella Rosengard, University of Pennsylvania
Steven Salzburg, The Institute for Genome Research
Mary Scanlan, Director, Publishing Operations, American Chemical Society
Thomas Shenk, President-Elect, ASM, and Past Editor, Journal of Virology
Herbert Tabor, Editor, Journal of Biological Chemistry
Harold Varmus
Eckard Wimmer, State University of New York at Stony Brook
Keith Yamamoto, Editor, Molecular Biology of the Cell